word_counts %>% filter(n > 500) %>% ggplot(aes(x = reorder(word, n), y = n)) + geom_col(fill = "steelblue") + coord_flip() + labs(title = "Most Frequent Words in Jane Austen's Novels", x = "Word", y = "Count") + theme_minimal() Sentiment lexicons (e.g., AFINN , bing , nrc ) assign emotional valence to words.
1. Introduction In the age of big data, most information exists as unstructured text —emails, social media posts, reviews, news articles, and research papers. Unlike numerical data, text cannot be directly fed into a statistical model. Text mining (or text analytics) is the process of transforming this free-form text into structured, quantifiable data for analysis, pattern discovery, and prediction. Text Mining With R
graph LR A[Raw Text] --> B[Preprocessing] --> C[Tokenization] --> D[Stop Word Removal] --> E[Analysis] --> F[Visualization] library(tidyverse) library(tidytext) library(janeaustenr) Load sample text (Jane Austen's books) austen_books <- austen_books() head(austen_books) 3.2. Preprocessing & Tokenization Tokenization splits text into meaningful units (words, sentences, n-grams). tidytext uses unnest_tokens() . word_counts %>% filter(n > 500) %>% ggplot(aes(x =