File- Serge3dx---measuring-contest-and-principa... May 2026

[3] Luhmann, T. et al. (2020). Close-Range Photogrammetry and 3D Imaging , 3rd ed. De Gruyter.

[ Z = \fracB f\Delta x ]

[2] Serge3DX (2024). “Measuring Contest 2024 – Rules and Artifact Specification.” Online community document. File- Serge3DX---Measuring-Contest-and-Principa...

: Hybrid laser-stereo achieved MAE = 0.23 mm (0.23% relative error). Worst : Mobile LiDAR on glossy surfaces (error up to 2.1 mm). [3] Luhmann, T